Husband-wife Roles as a Correlate of Contraceptive and Fertility Behaviour

In this paper, an investigation of reproductive behaviour within the socioeconomic and cultural frameworks is carried out to find the extent to which socioeconomic, cultural, and attitudinal variables (such as husband and wife’s education, family income, husband’s occupation, child mortality, exposure to the mass media, and husbandand- wife relationship in terms of egalitarian roles, role-segregation, husband’s authority, and domination in family and non-family decisions) influence the fertility decision-making process. The quantitative and qualitative techniques are used for exploring the respondents’ views regarding contraceptive and fertility behaviour. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) is applied to identify new meaningful underlying variables and to reduce the multi-dimensionality of variables. The chi-square test is employed to explore the relationships between the predictor variables and the dependent variables. Multiple linear regression is also used to establish the relative importance of each of the predictor variables. Bivariate, multiple linear regression and qualitative analysis demonstrate that preferences for smaller families and contraceptive use were found to be consistently associated with modern attitudes and behaviour towards the husband-and-wife relationship. Family income, husband’s occupation, child mortality, and age at marriage offered no explanation of the reproductive behaviour. It is concluded that cultural setting and tradition exert an important influence on reproductive behaviour independent of development in economic realities. It is suggested that for the attainment of demographicdevelopmental objectives, the issue of women’s status is not incidental; it is essential. The argument is not that improvements in women’s status need to be pursued only for population policy purposes, but rather that they comprise a crucial social developmental goal in their own right.

Husband-wife Roles as a Correlate of Contraceptive and Fertility Behaviour

In this paper, an investigation of reproductive behaviour within the socioeconomic and cultural frameworks is carried out to find the extent to which socioeconomic, cultural, and attitudinal variables (such as husband and wife’s education, family income, husband’s occupation, child mortality, exposure to the mass media, and husbandand- wife relationship in terms of egalitarian roles, role-segregation, husband’s authority, and domination in family and non-family decisions) influence the fertility decision-making process. The quantitative and qualitative techniques are used for exploring the respondents’ views regarding contraceptive and fertility behaviour. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) is applied to identify new meaningful underlying variables and to reduce the multi-dimensionality of variables. The chi-square test is employed to explore the relationships between the predictor variables and the dependent variables. Multiple linear regression is also used to establish the relative importance of each of the predictor variables. Bivariate, multiple linear regression and qualitative analysis demonstrate that preferences for smaller families and contraceptive use were found to be consistently associated with modern attitudes and behaviour towards the husband-and-wife relationship. Family income, husband’s occupation, child mortality, and age at marriage offered no explanation of the reproductive behaviour. It is concluded that cultural setting and tradition exert an important influence on reproductive behaviour independent of development in economic realities. It is suggested that for the attainment of demographicdevelopmental objectives, the issue of women’s status is not incidental; it is essential. The argument is not that improvements in women’s status need to be pursued only for population policy purposes, but rather that they comprise a crucial social developmental goal in their own right

A study of children's misconceptions in science and the effectiveness of a related programme of teacher training in Pakistan

The study comprised an investigation of children's misconceptions in science with the intention this should provide a base for further research linked to a wider programme of the improvement of science education in Pakistan.The investigation was carried out on the concepts of Force, Energy, Light, Work, and Electric Current using Interview-About-Instances approach. It was discovered that children in Pakistan hold misconceptions similar to those held by children in other parts of the world. Then, three groups of science teachers were tested in the concept Force after giving them different levels of information about students' misconceptions. It was found that science teachers also hold misconceptions and performance of the three groups was almost equal on the test.Next, the teachers of the sample students were trained to reteach three concepts: Force, Energy, and Light. After re-teaching, students were retested using both IAI and multiple-choice instruments. The results showed that pupils' misconceptions persist despite re-teaching.Then, in order to confirm or refute these results more widely, a larger number of teachers and students were involved. The purpose of this part of the study was to discover if in-depth teacher training can lead to more effective teaching. A special teacher training programme was developed. The selected teachers were randomly distributed into three groups. Group A was given in-depth training, whilst group B was given simple training. Group C served as a control group. After training, teachers retaught the concepts Force, Energy and Light in their own schools. Students were tested using multiple choice tests.It was found that group A was significantly different from groups B and C together only in one subset of test items in the concept Force. Also, the mean scores of students in group A in each test were found to be higher than those of students in groups B and C. From these results it is argued that programmes can be organised for the training of science teachers to tackle effectively problems arising from children's misconceptions. Finally, the study proposes a research project with an overall purpose of improvement of science education in Pakistan

Co-teaching Effectiveness: Students’ Achievement in Mathematical Proficiencies and Content Strands

In Pakistan Mathematics is being taught by single teacher. In contrast co-teaching has shown its positive effects on students’ academic achievement in Mathematics. Keeping in view the importance of co-teaching, this study was aimed at examining the co-teaching effectiveness to enhance students’ scores in mathematics. An experimental research design, Solomon Four Group was applied in this study to conduct an experiment. A school in the public sector was selected on convenient basis with due permission of headmaster. There were 118 students studying in that school at 8th grade situated in Sargodha district. A teaching module of mathematics was developed on two content strands of 8th grade mathematics i.e. algebra & geometry. The duration for one lesson was one hour. There were 20 lessons in the module and were validated by two mathematics experts. Students’ achievement was measured by using an achievement test of mathematics. Pakistan National Educational Assessment System had developed and validated the items. Data were analyzed by applying Mean, Standard deviation, and independent sample t-test. Co-teaching was found to be more effective than single teacher’s teaching in enhancing students’ achievement score in algebra and geometry with mathematical proficiencies. It was recommended that a topic on co-teaching should be included in courses preparing teachers of Mathematics

Effect of diesel generator exhaust pollutants on growth of Vinca rosea and Ruellia tuberosa

The effects of exhaust pollutants of generator on root and shoot length, root and shoot weight, number of leaflets and leaf area, leaf and total plant dry weight of Vinca rosea and Ruellia tuberosa were studied. The treatment of exhaust pollutants produced significant effects on root, shoot growth, number of leaflet and leaf area of V. rosea and R. tuberosa as compared to control. The exhaust emission treatment decreased seedling dry weight of V. rosea and R. tuberosa. The data showed that the exhaust emission significantly decreased the number of leaflet and leaf area for both species viz. V. rosea and R. tuberosa as compared to control. A significant decrease in the seedling growth performances of V. rosea and R. tuberosa resulted in decrease in seedling dry weight and showed that the exhaust treatment affects the seedling dry weight performance as compared to control treatment. It was found that the treatment of exhaust emission from a portable powered generator fueled negatively affected the seedling growth of V. rosea as compared to R. tuberosa. The findings may be helpful for plantation in polluted area.Key words: Biomass, diesel generator, exhausts emission, leaf area, pollutant, seedling growth, Ruellia tuberosa, Vinca rosea

Policy Paper: Technical and Vocational Teacher Education for Promoting Entrepreneurship among Students

This paper aims to determine entrepreneurial potential among technical education students and to develop a policy for technical and vocational teacher education for promoting entrepreneurship. Qualitative and quantitative approaches have been utilized in this research paper. Theory of Planned Behavior will be help full for proceeding quantitative research. Survey will be conducted among technical education students for determining entrepreneurial potential among students. It will also observe the impact of technical education on entrepreneurial mind set development. Qualitative approach will be utilized to analyze scheme of studies of technical and vocational education training institutes. Policy will also be analyzed.  On the basis of analysis we give recommendations. This study will be help full for promoting entrepreneurial mind set among the youth of the region. It will develop job creating opportunities for socio-economic development of the region. It will also explore the horizons for future research how to develop entrepreneurial technical and vocational curriculum. This study will be help full for policy makers, curriculum developers, future planners and institutions Keywords: Entrepreneurship Education; Technical and Vocational Education; pedagogical skills

A Case Study of the Department of Technology Education to Promote Entrepreneurial Pedagogical Skills of the Educators of Technical and Vocational Education (TVE)

The research aims to study the entrepreneurial pedagogical skills of the pre-service educators of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). It also aims to examine the curriculum of pre service TVET educator training programs in Pakistan. It’s a mixed type of research. KAP survey has been coduted from the students of the department of Technology Education, University of the Punjab to study their knowledge, attitude and teaching practices towards entrepreneurhsip education in TVET. A comparison has also been made between Technology education students and Business Education students to study the attitude towards entrepreneurship. Curriculum analysis of the department of technology education was also analysed. National Education Policy (NEP) was analysed to study the current efforts at the national level to promote entrepreneurship education in TVET programs.  SPSS was used to analyse quantitative data.  T- test was applied for statistical analysis. The practical implecations of this study are for the policy makers, curriculum developers and TVET institutes. This research will provide a basis for future research on effective pedagogical skill to enhance entreprenruial mind set of the TVET students. Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Technical and vocational education; entrepreneurial curriculum; entrepreneurial pedagogical skill

PENGARUH PERENDAMAN LARUTAN SODIUM TRIPOLYFOSFAT FOOD GRADE (STPP FG) PADA DAGING AYAM POTONG (Gallus Gallus) TERHADAP KADAR GLUKOSA (EFFECT OF SODIUM TRIPOLYFOSFAT SOAKING SOLUTION FOOD GRADE (STPP FG) TO MEAT CHICKEN (Gallus Gallus) OF GLUCOSE LEVELS)

Pendekatan, strategi, metode, dan teknik pembelajaran pada hakikatnya dapat dibedakan tetapi tidak dapat dipisahkan. Keempat istilah tersebut merupakan satu kesatuan dalam pembelajaran. Pendekatan, strategi, metode, dan teknik pembelajaran yang akan dan/atau sedang digunakan dapat diketahui dari langkah-langkah pembelajaran yang telah tersusun dan/atau sedang terjadi. Pendekatan pembelajaran adalah cara umum dalam memandang pembelajaran. Sedangkan strategi pembelajaran adalah ilmu dan kiat di dalam memanfaatkan segala sumber belajar yang dimiliki dan/atau yang dapat dikerahkan untuk mencapai tujuan pembelajaran yang telah ditetapkan. Metode mengajar adalah berbagai cara kerja yang bersifat relatif umum yang sesuai untuk mencapai tujuan pembelajaran tertentu dan teknik pembelajaran adalah ragam khas penerapan suatu metode sesuai dengan latar penerapan tertentu. Teknik pembelajaran mengambarkan langkah-langkah penggunaan metode mengajar yang sifatnya lebih operasional. Faktor-faktor yang perlu diperhatikan dalam penentuan teknik pembelajaran di antaranya adalah kemampuan dan kebiasaan guru, ketersedian sarana dan waktu, serta kesiapan siswa. Faktor-faktor yang perlu dipertimbangkan dalam memilih strategi pembelajaran ialah tujuan pembelajaran, jenis dan tingkat kesulitan materi pelajaran, sarana, waktu yang tersedia, siswa, dan guru

PLAYERS’ PERCEPTION ABOUT COMMERCIALIZATION OF SPORTS IN ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS OF PAKISTAN

Commercialization is the way toward presenting another item or creation strategy into trade making it accessible available. The term frequently implies particularly the passageway into the mass market instead of prior specialty markets, however it additionally incorporates a move from the research facility into even constrained trade. The main objectives of the study are to examine the effects of commercialization of sports in academic institutions. The study was quantitative in nature and sample (n=260) for this research was from eight private and public sector universities of Lahore. The data collection tool was questionnaire containing 20 items. Results and data analysis showed that there is no difference among the opinion of male and female (Sig. 0.362) and among different age groups (Sig. 0.791). Overall results showed that there is positive effect of commercialization of sports in academic institutions as commercialization of sports helps players to develop their financial, sympathetic and caring attitude, their financial support, their recognition in society as well as their social support. Commercialization of sports promotes modesty and quality of life in them. Commercialization’s of sports also help to develop their personality with behavior and ethical values and awareness regarding their role in the society. In future recommendations, there should be panel discussions about commercialization of sports should be organized in collaboration of both coaches and athletes, there should be qualified staff for the commercialization, coaching and training of players, sports organizations and government should take necessary steps for the promotion of commercialization of sports at grass root as well as at international level